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François-Jean de la Barre
François-Jean Lefebvre de la Barre (September 12, 1745 – July 1, 1766) was a young French nobleman. He was tortured and beheaded before his body was burnt on a pyre along with Voltaire's "Philosophical Dictionary" nailed to his torso.〔http://www.laicite1905.com/chevalier.htm ''Qui Etait le Chevalier de la Barre?''〕 La Barre is often said to have been executed for not saluting a Roman Catholic religious procession, but the elements of the case were far more complex.
In France, Lefebvre de la Barre is widely regarded a symbol of the victims of Christian religious intolerance, along with Jean Calas and Pierre-Paul Sirven, all championed by Voltaire. A second replacement statue to de la Barre stands near the Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Jesus of Paris at the summit of the butte Montmartre (itself named from the ''Temple of Mars''), the highest point in Paris and an 18th arrondissement street nearby the Sacré-Cœur is also named after Lefebvre de la Barre.
Lefebvre de la Barre is a descendant of Joseph-Antoine de La Barre, a governor of the French Antilles and then New France.
==Voltaire's versions==
Voltaire's two accounts of the story were polemic and not history, and contradict each other. The first, ''Relation de la mort du chevalier de la Barre, par M. Cassen, avocat au conseil du roi, à M. le marquis de Beccaria'' (1766), blames Belleval, a neighbor of la Barre's "aunt" (this account was almost immediately criticized by a local Abbeville printer for numerous inaccuracies〔A. Deverité, ''Recueil intéressant sur l’affaire de la mutilation du crucifix d’Abbeville, arrivée le 9 août 1765, et sur la mort du chevalier de La Barre'' http://books.google.com/books?id=r3MPAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=crucifix+arriv%C3%A9e+%C3%A0+Abbeville+le+9+Ao%C3%BBt+1765&lr=&num=100&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false〕). ''Le Cri du sang innocent'' (1775) omits all mention of Belleval and shifts the blame to Duval de Soicourt, the judge in the case. (This version largely follows Simon-Nicholas Henri Linguet's memoir ''Pour les sieurs Moisnel, Dumesniel de Saveuse et Douville de Maillefeu injustement impliqués dans l'affaire de la mutilation d'un crucifix, arrivée à Abbeville le 9 Août 1765'' (Paris, 1766).〔This can be found in Deverité's document; it is also available elsewhere, as in the ''Annales du barreau français'', 1823 http://books.google.com/books?pg=PA1&dq=Annales+du+barreau+francais+VI+-+1823+Linguet&cd=2&id=_8YOAAAAQAAJ#v=onepage&q=&f=false〕) Voltaire notably emphasizes the role of the Church, although the prosecution was entirely secular (albeit based on Old Regime law, which assumed Catholicism as the state religion and so defined a number of offenses based on religion, such as sacrilege and blasphemy). Whatever the general influence of religion in the affair, the only specific efforts by the Church hierarchy were in favor of a pardon for la Barre (requested by the Bishop of Amiens, among others.)
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